Cathepsin B Antibody - #AF5189

FIGURE 2. Effects of Sr and SB-505124 on the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)/SMAD family member (SMAD) signaling pathway and downstream gene transcription in bovine chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were treated with different doses of Sr (0, 0.1, 1, 10 μg/ml) with or without activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) kinase inhibitor (10 μM SB-505124). (A) Western blot analysis and relative protein expression levels of SMAD3, pSMAD3, SMAD1/5/9, pSMAD1/5/9, TGFβ, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). (B) mRNA expression levels of TGFβ1, serpin family E member 1 (SERPINE1), ALK5, ALK1, and inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (ID1). All experiments were repeated at least thrice. Data are means ± SEM (n = 3 in each group) *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Fig. 4 Compound 1 activates autophagy A. Western blot result shows the protein levels of CTSB (pro CTSB and mature CTSB), LC3 and SQSTM1 in the U251 cells treated with compound 1 (1, 1 μM, 10 μM and 40 μM) or rapamycin (Rapa, 2 μM and 5 μM). B. Quantifications of the protein levels of CTSB, SQSTM1 and LC3-II in the U251 cells in A based on 3 independent experiments. C. Western blot result shows the protein levels of CTSB, LC3 and SQSTM1 in the HM cells treated with 1 (1 μM, 10 μM and 40 μM) or Rapa (2 μM and 5 μM). D. Quantification of the protein levels of CTSB, SQSTM1 and LC3-II in the HM cells in C based on 3 independent experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001; ns, not significant; one-way ANOVA with the Dunnett's post hoc test. Bars represent mean ± SD.